Abstract: In order to solve the problem of energy imbalance in large-scale energy harvesting wireless sensor network, resulting in energy hole phenomenon, which leads to low energy utilization efficiency, an improved energy-balanced multi-hop clustering routing algorithm (VPMCR) based on improved GSA is proposed. Through a reasonable regional division strategy, the number of cluster head nodes in each area of the network is controlled to balance the energy consumption of the cluster head nodes. The optimal number of network elements is obtained by minimizing the total consumption of data transmission between clusters. Aiming at the problem that the GSA algorithm is slow in convergence and easy to fall into local extremum, an improved strategy is proposed. An improved energy-balanced inter-cluster routing strategy is proposed by using the improved GSA algorithm, and various conditions such as energy balance and energy state are incorporated into the fitness. In the function design, the energy balance in the routing phase is improved. Through simulation verification, the performance of the algorithm in balancing energy consumption and improving network throughput is better than PHC, EBHAC and NEEC algorithms.